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Ангола
Mr. Gaspar Martins (Angola): I would like to start by thanking you very much, Madam, for
presiding over this important debate. This is a very important contribution by Chile, especially
following the very rich Arria-formula meeting that we had last Thursday. I would also like to thank
Assistant Secretary-General Kalomoh for his contribution and Mr. Mark Malloch Brown,
Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and Ms. Carolyn McAskie
for their respective contributions to our debate. I trust that this meeting will contribute to a better
conceptual understanding of the issue we are addressing today, particularly on the United Nations
role in fostering national reconciliation and assisting countries emerging from conflict to establish
the rule of law and justice, the pillars of genuine reconciliation. The lessons learned from
peacekeeping operations in various regions of the world point to the need to further explore the
linkages between peace, security and justice on the one hand and economic and social development
on the other. The challenge ahead is, therefore, to promote a coherent and integrated approach
involving early warning, conflict prevention, crisis management, conflict resolution and postconflict
national reconciliation and reconstruction.
Every society emerging from conflict faces the issue of addressing the human rights violations
committed during the conflict. Accountability for those crimes is not only a question of justice for
the victims and for those guilty of committing such crimes but also of looking forward to a future of
justice. The criminal accountability for war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity is,
therefore, a critical component of the process of national reconciliation. The international tribunals
for Rwanda, Sierra Leone and the former Yugoslavia, as well as the International Criminal Court
(ICC), are very important instruments in rebuilding the foundations of a society governed by the
rule of law and fostering national reconciliation.
Lessons can be drawn from post-conflict national reconciliation processes that stem from
national specificities. In fact, countries emerging from conflict have employed a variety of
accountability mechanisms as alternatives to criminal prosecution. A national apology, reparations
to the victims, international public pressure and shaming, truth and reconciliation commissions and
outright amnesties have been applied as means to end conflicts and set in motion processes of
national reconciliation. Each method can be effectively applied under the appropriate political
conditions as a price to pay for the attainment of peace. These alternative mechanisms can be
successful in fostering peace and national reconciliation if the societies are ready and prepared to
engage in a meaningful process of national reconciliation and if the forces causing the divisions are
effectively isolated.
Today’s meeting takes place two years after the signing of the Memorandum of Understanding
at a symbolic and highly meaningful ceremony, which put an end to the long war in Angola. This is
also, therefore, an appropriate occasion to take stock of the achievements and of the challenges that
lie ahead, especially in fostering national reconciliation. The signing ceremony I am referring to not
only signalled the end of the war, a very difficult and painful period indeed in the history of the
nation; it also marked the beginning of a process and of a period of rebirth for a reconciled nation in
which people, irrespective of their past and free from war, can live together and face together the
challenge of building the pillars of reconstruction to prevent a return to the past.
National reconciliation is an imperative, and an exprеssion of the people’s will translated into
practice by the political determination of the Government of Angola and of UNITA to live within a
pluralistic political framework under the rule of law. In this context of national reconciliation, the
competent institutions granted an amnesty for crimes committed during the conflict. The candidates
elected in the legislative elections on the list of UNITA and other political parties assumed
functions in the national assembly, enjoying the rights, freedoms, guarantees, immunities and
privilege provided for by law. Social welfare and social reintegration programmes are being
implemented throughout the national territory and, in application of the relevant provisions of the
general principle of national reconciliation, members of different political parties were invited to
assume posts in the national reconciliation Government and in local administration. A political
process was set in motion, conducive to the holding of general elections, as a step towards the
consolidation of democratic institutions and the rule of law. Basically, post-conflict reconciliation in
Angola is being pursued as a real process of forgiveness and reintegration, in which Angolans are
called upon to forgive but not to forget the divisions and the crimes committed during the conflict,
in order to build a peaceful society, aware of past divisions — and of the dangers ahead if the
programme collapses.
Angola’s experience and that of other countries confirms that there is no preset approach to
post-conflict national reconciliation and that each situation calls for specific solutions. Every
process of national reconciliation must, however, be participative, must enjoy popular adherence
and must be seen as a way for the entire nation to reconcile itself with the past and to build a better
future.
The Security Council has, in recent years, contributed to various aspects of post-conflict
national reconciliation. This is reflected in the measures and norms instituted for the protection of
civilians in armed conflict; disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programmes in the
context of peacekeeping operations; and strengthening of international criminal justice. Assistance
and financing for reconstruction and reconciliation processes are critical; much more needs to be
done in order to ensure the success of reconciliation in countries emerging from conflict.
This goal can be advanced through greater coordination within the United Nations system, the
Security Council and the Economic and Social Council especially, as well as the Secretariat, the
agencies and the Bretton Woods institutions, as has already been noted. In that connection, we look
forward to the Secretary-General’s report on this theme, which I trust will help to fill a gap that
seems to remain and has not yet been satisfactorily addressed or covered, as was hinted at again this
morning by the Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme.
Special attention should be given to the appropriate organ for coordinating post-conflict
assistance, comprehensively assessing and meeting the needs of countries emerging from conflict,
and coordinating the actions of all international actors assisting in the reconciliation and
reconstruction processes, in order to ensure its efficiency and the success of the whole enterprise.
This debate addresses an important area of the agenda of our Council, which will deserve
more attention in the future. In order to be successful, peacekeeping operations will have to be
followed by well-conceived and implemented post-conflict programmes related to cross-cutting
issues involving the areas which are covered by the Security Council and the Economic and Social
Council, bringing about cooperation between those two organs. The consolidation of peace
following a successful peacekeeping operation stands as one of the main challenges to be addressed
by our Council. This is therefore a timely debate.
Let me end by commending you, Madame, for including this theme on your agenda